/home/precedings/apps/precedings/shared/storage/document/2007/1328/npre20071328-1

Correlation between Pineal Activation and Religious
Meditation Observed by Functional Magnetic
Resonance Imaging

Chien-Hui Liou

1,2

, Chang-Wei Hsieh

1,2

, Chao-Hsien Hsieh

, Si

-Chen Lee

, Jyh-Horng

Chen

& Chi-Hong Wang

Interdisciplinary MRI/MRS Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, National

Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 106, ROC.

Anthro-Celestial Research Institute, The Tienti Teachings, No. 41, Wenjeng Lane,

Jungming Tsuen, Yuchr Shiang, Nantou, Taiwan 555, ROC.

Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, ROC.

Department of Neurology, Cardinal Tien Hospital Yung Ho Branch, No. 80,

Chunghsing Street, Yungho City, Taipei, Taiwan 234, ROC.

Nature Precedings : hdl:10101/npre.2007.1328.1 : Posted 15 Nov 2007

The human brain possesses plenty of functions but little is known about its

scientific relationship with mind and spirit. Conferences

1,2

focused on the

connection between science and religion were held very recently in which

neuroscientists, Buddhist scholars and Dalai Lama discussed attention, mental

imagery, emotion, mind, brain functions and meditation, suggesting religious

meditation offers an effective means to investigate the mystery of mind and spirit.

In the past decade, scientists struggled to obtain brain mappings for various

meditation styles using different brain imaging techniques and stimulating results

have been observed

3-17

. In this letter we report that, together with other brain

regions, pineal body exhibit significant activation during meditation process,

supporting the long lasting speculation that pineal plays an important role in the

intrinsic awareness which might concern spirit or soul. Pineal is known as an

endocrine organ which produces substrates including melatonin and has been

ascribed numerous even mysterious functions but its activation during meditation

has never been observed by brain imaging technique. In seventeenth century,

based on anatomic observation, Descartes ventured to suggest that pineal serves as

the principal seat of the soul

18-20

. Inspired by its geometric center in the brain,

physiologists, psychologists, philosophers and religionists have been speculating for

centuries about pineal's function relevant to spirit and soul. In this study, we chose

Chinese Original Quiet Sitting, one style of meditation, to explore this long lasting

speculation by functional magnetic resonance imaging technique. Our results

demonstrate a correlation between pineal activation and religious meditation

which might have profound implications in physiological understanding of the

intrinsic awareness.

In 2003, Barinaga reported a conference called "Investigating the Mind", held at the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Neuroscientists, Buddhist scholars and Dalai

Lama discussed attention, mental imagery, emotion, and collaborations to test insights

Nature Precedings : hdl:10101/npre.2007.1328.1 : Posted 15 Nov 2007

gleaned from meditation. Wisconsin's Richard Davidson collaborating with Matthieu

Ricard, using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), studied the brain activity

associated with positive emotions in Buddhist monks

. Knight (2004) also reported

another meeting

a research conference held at the Dalai Lama's headquarters in

Dharamsala, India

including talks that suggested meditation can transform emotions

and that daily experiences can alter the expression of genes. Fred Gage, a neuroscientist

at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, presented his research

into how the brain can remake itself throughout life. As a key component of Buddhist

belief is that meditation literally transforms the mind. Richard Davidson pointed that

certain neural processes in the brain are more coordinated in people with extensive

training in meditation

. There are many studies about meditation on the mental

activation that employ different methods about brain mapping or detecting, such as:

fMRI, PET (positron emission tomography), SPECT (single photon emission computed

tomography), EEG (electroencephalogram), REG (rheoencephalography) and MEG

(magnetoencephalography). Herzog (1991)

, Lou (1999, 2005)

4,5

and Kjaer (2002)

had

studied Yoga meditation by PET. Lazar (2000)

studied a simple type of meditation

(Kundalini) by fMRI. Newberg studied Tibetan Buddhist meditation (2001)

and the

"verbal" based meditation of Franciscan nuns (2003)

by SPECT. Lo (2003)

, Lutz

(2004)

and Takahashi (2005)

studied Buddhism or Zen meditation by EEG. Jevning

(1996)

and Yamamoto (2006)

studied Transcendental Meditation

by REG, MEG and

EEG. Davidson (2003)

measured brain electrical activity in

mindfulness meditation

with healthy employees by EEG. Lazar (2005)

used MRI to assess cortical thickness

in participants with extensive insight meditation experience. Hölzel (2007)

using

fMRI found activations in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and the dorsal medial

prefrontal cortex bilaterally in Vipassana meditation

These studies showed that

different meditation styles might arouse different brain activations and produce different

physical affections.

Nature Precedings : hdl:10101/npre.2007.1328.1 : Posted 15 Nov 2007

Chinese Original Quiet Sitting (COQS) is essentially one kind of traditional Chinese

meditation. In ancient China, meditation was the prime practice for Taoists to temper

soul and body. The principal key of COQS is naturalness. Its working is allowed to

proceed naturally as to come into subtle adjustment

21,22

. The overall COQS process is

separated into two different parts: a short period, about several minutes, of silent

recitation of specific religious phrase and mental imagination of receiving spiritual

energy (which is named "Invitation of Primordial Qi": IPQ), and a long period of

relaxation with no further action (named "Allow its Natural Workings": ANW). Chen

(1997) had studied COQS by EEG and found that the brain theta-wave showed a

marked increase, while the alpha- and beta-waves showed a decrease after practice

We also had preceding fMRI studies

24,25

. In this paper, we showed how to investigate

the brain activation region precisely by fMRI. We chose COQS to go into deep

investigation since COQS includes a short period of IPQ stage, a specific mental

operation, in the beginning of the whole meditation process.

Sixteen subjects with seven females and nine males participated in this fMRI study.

Their mean age was 48.5±2.8 (32~70) with meditation experience 12.4±1.5 (4~21)

years. Their regularly mean practice times every day was about 1.3±0.1 (1~3) with

mean practice duration 54.7±5.7 (30~120) minutes each time. Fig. 1 showed the

normalized fMRI signal intensity of the pineal area during the IPQ stage of COQS. Fig.

1a was the normalized fMRI signal intensity of each individual subject. Fig. 1b was the

normalized and smoothed fMRI signal intensity of the 16 subjects. The data were

smoothed by wavelet denoise package of LabVIEWTM (Haar wavelet, level 3). Variant

activation strength and patterns were observed among these sixteen subjects probably

due to the individual differences in meditation experience, age, physiological or

physical conditions. We also obtained the fMRI images by SPM

. Fig. 2 showed the

brain activation regions during the IPQ stage of COQS analyzed by fixed effect analysis

in SPM with p

<10

-5

. These images showed that during the IPQ period the brain regions

Nature Precedings : hdl:10101/npre.2007.1328.1 : Posted 15 Nov 2007

such as: pineal body, corpora quadrigemina, thalamus, insula, claustrum, anterior

cingulate, cingulate gyrus, Brodmann area 24, superior temporal gyrus, Brodmann area

47, middle temporal gyrus, right side inferior fontal gyrus, Brodmann area 37, putamen,

and many other regions including cerebellum were also activated. We could find from

the results of the other meditation researches which were mentioned above that different

meditation styles may have the same activation regions as we have found in COQS,

such as: anterior cingulate (Lazar

, Yamamoto

), precentral gyrus (Lazar

), cingulate

gyrus (Newberg

), inferior frontal gyrus (Newberg

8,9

), right anterior insula (Lazar

temporal gyrus (Lazar

) and thalamus (Newberg

). The functions of these regions were

interesting and should be paid more attention to. We discussed them in the following.

For the inference into the population, we also performed the second level random effect

analysis with SPM and showed the results in Fig. 3 (p

<10

-3

). It still appeared that pineal

body was activated during the IPQ period.

In order to get the more accurate vision of the pineal activation, other fMRI images

were obtained by FACT

. Four right handed subjects, two females and two males, were

reported here and participated in nine experiments. Their mean age was 43 (range

33~52) years old with meditation experience from 10~21 years. The fMRI results

reproducibly and precisely showed that special regions exhibited the same activation

during the IPQ periods. Fig. 4 showed the best images of the consistent region of these

experiments. Fig. 4a and 4b were the anatomic images of the slice including the pineal

body which showed non-activated and activated. Fig. 4c was the relative signal intensity

of the region shown in the green block region in Fig. 4b. Among these nine experiments,

the cross correlation coefficient threshold was 0.30~0.79, the mean size of the active

region was about three pixels (3.1±0.3) and the signal change was about 3.5 %

(3.5±0.6). We had also dealt with the brain activation regions during the second stag

the ANW stat

eof COQS. Among the ANW state, hypothalamus showed positive

activation after the IPQ period

. Besides, we knew that the fMRI images were based on

Nature Precedings : hdl:10101/npre.2007.1328.1 : Posted 15 Nov 2007

the BOLD (Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent) signal changes which were complex

functions reflecting the changes in the balance of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin, an

indirect indicator for the activation status of nearby neurons. Since pineal is not a

neuron but a gland, the elaborate reason which causes the signal changes in pineal body

still need more study. Nevertheless, all our results distinctly pointed that: during the

meditation process, especially the short period of phrase recitation of the mental

operation, pineal body was aroused and showed activation, which meant that pineal

body can be activated by the IPQ operation.

Some scientists found that, influenced by the meditation process, the melatonin level

was elevated

28-30

. These studies might offer some chemical and quantitative evidences

to the pineal activation concerned with meditation and should be proceeded to further

examinations. Moreover, some meditators claimed that, during the IPQ process, special

feelings occurred from the top of the head, down to the hairline and than to the middle

point of two eyebrows. These kinds of self-observed description provide another aspect

of understanding to the physical reaction coupled with mental operation or brain activity

of this meditation and may inspire more studies in the future. Scrutinizing our fMRI

results and comparing with other meditation researches

7,8,9,14,16

, the brain activation

regions exhibit profound significance between meditation and physiological reactions

and adjustments. While keeping on reciting religious phrase in mind, the brain regions

which are responsible for intonation, processing of syntax and sensation of sound, such

as: the superior temporal gyrus, Brodmann area 47, middle temporal gyrus and right

side inferior frontal gyrus, exhibit activation. Furthermore, some meditators claimed to

see the inner light

or hear inner voice during the meditation process, perhaps these

phenomena may be concerned with corpora quadrigemina. The upcoming physiological

affections, such as regulating the autonomic function, visceral functions, motor systems

and sensory systems, might activate thalamus and insula. As meditation is essentially

such a complicated mental operation, it may also concern with the emotion and

Nature Precedings : hdl:10101/npre.2007.1328.1 : Posted 15 Nov 2007

cognitive functions, the anterior cingulate and cingulate gyrus might activate

accordingly. Further, during the ANW stage, the hypothalamus was aroused and might

get a secretive regulation during the second meditation period, which is a long period of

relaxation with no further action in body or mind. This is the state which we named

"Allow its Natural Workings" (ANW). Many other regions were also activated during

the IPQ and ANW state and may need more study to find out their mysteries.

According to our fMRI results, we summarize and propose some view points here.

Since pineal shows activation during the mental operation period of silent recitation of

specific religious phrase and mental imagination of receiving spiritual energy, although

the distinct internal process is still unknown, pineal seems to have certain or special

functions here. These special functions may also have some interaction forms with the

inner body which caused the physiological affections. Combining with the endocrine

functions of pineal, it may vitalize or strengthen our corporeal existences. In summary,

the religious meditation of receiving spiritual energy can cause correlated pineal

activation and show clear brain imaging observed by fMRI, supporting the speculation

that pineal plays an important role in the intrinsic awareness which might concern spirit

or soul. Whether this correlation is merely a psychological effect or a real physical

phenomenon remain to be further explored.

METHODS

Paradigm design. We designed the block type of paradigm to find out the BOLD

(Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent) signal changes during the IPQ operation. There

were two kinds of block-design paradigm adopted in this research. The first paradigm

included two blocks of IPQ state, each with three minutes, and three control periods

each also with three minutes put before, between and after the two meditation epoch.

Total scan time was 15 minutes. The second paradigm contained four periods of IPQ

Nature Precedings : hdl:10101/npre.2007.1328.1 : Posted 15 Nov 2007

state, each with 1.5 minutes, and five control periods also with 1.5 minutes put before,

between and after those four meditation epoch. Total scan time was 13.5 minutes.

Equipment and data acquisition. Experiments were performed on Bruker 3T

ParaVision system with a birdcage head coil. Images were acquired using gradient-echo

echo planar image (EPI) with matrix size of 128×128, TE of 35 ms, and TR of 6000 ms.

All experiments had 12 continuous slices with slice thickness of 7 mm, field of view of

30×30 cm

Data analysis and image performance. The SPM (Statistical Parametric Mapping, the

popular MATLAB software package implementing statistical parametric mapping for

neuroimaging data)

and the FACT (Functional MRI Analysis and Clustering Tools, on

the Knoppix LINUX system)

were adopted for the data analysis and fMRI image

performances.

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Acknowledgements Thanks are due to the Tienti Teachings for offering the subjects to

this research. We also appreciate Professor K. C. Liang and C. T. Yen for discussions.

Author Information Reprints and permissions information is available at

npg.nature.com/reprintsandpermissions. The authors declare no competing financial

interests. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J. H. Chen

(jhchen@ntu.edu.tw) or S. C. Lee (sclee@cc.ee.ntu.edu.tw).

Nature Precedings : hdl:10101/npre.2007.1328.1 : Posted 15 Nov 2007

Figure legends

Figure 1 The normalized fMRI signal intensity of the pineal area during the

COQS-IPQ stage. a, The normalized fMRI signal intensity of each individual subject.

The solid lines are smoothed curve of the raw data. b, The normalized and smoothed

fMRI signal intensity of the 16 subjects. The data were smoothed by wavelet denoise

package of LabVIEW (Haar wavelet, level 3). All the horizontal axes of the diagrams in

a and b show the number of scans. The blocked region shown by gray areas in a or red

dashed line in b between 30-60 and 90-120 scans mean the meditation period whereas

the other regions mean the control period.

Figure 2 The brain activation regions during the COQS-IPQ stage (p

-5

). L

and R in the parentheses mean left and right of the brain area. The x, y, z Talairach

coordinates of the center of the blue cross in these three views are [0 0 0].

Figure 3 The random effect analysis result of the brain activation regions during

the COQS-IPQ atage (p

-3

). The pineal body (indicated by the arrow) still showed

activation.

Figure 4 The best images and the signal intensity of the pineal activation area

during the COQS-IPQ stage. a, the anatomic image of the slice including the pineal

body, but not activated. From this image, we can see that the position of the pineal body

is physiologically a little left-hand-side (right-hand-side in this image). b, the anatomic

image of the slice showed the activation area of the pineal body, four pixels were seen

been activated in this image, this image was produced by combining the activated EPI

image with the anatomic raw image. c, the relative signal intensity of the region shown

in the green block region of b. The horizontal axis shows the scan numbers with four

meditation blocks.

Nature Precedings : hdl:10101/npre.2007.1328.1 : Posted 15 Nov 2007